Nepal is a land-locked country of South Asia between India to the south (including west and east as well) and China to the North, and 86 percentage of geography of Nepal is occupied by 86 percentage of its total land area. A remarkable variation of topography can be found in Nepal with the Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world, and low land of just 50 meters from the sea level.
Nepal is located between the latitudes 26° 22′–30° 27′N and the longitudes 80° 04′–88° 12′E and occupies a total area of 147,181 km, with the east to west average length of 885 km and the north to south width ranging from 145 km to 241 km.
Despite its modest size, encompassing merely 0.03% of the world’s landmass having little bigger than Greece and shape of US state Arkansas, Nepal translates into a fascinating tapestry of climates, ranging from tropical warmth to the frigid embrace of the tundra.
Six distinct seasons paint the geography of Nepal, influenced by monsoons and the mountains’ shadow. Lower regions bask in subtropical warmth, while highlands experience cooler temperatures and snowfall. This diverse canvas is further adorned by a tapestry of vegetation, ranging from tropical rainforests in the Terai to coniferous forests clinging to the Himalayas. Explore Nepal’s topography, and witness nature’s grand design unfold before your eyes.
Topographically, geography of Nepal is divided into three distinct ecological regions. These are the Mountains, Hills, and Terai (or plains). The Mountain region ranges in altitude from about 4,800 meters to 8,848 meters above sea level and covers a land area of 51,817 square kilometers.
Time itself seems to keep a different pace here, with Nepal Standard Time standing 5 hours and 45 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, a unique marker of its distinct identity.
Himalaya Region: International Identity of Nepal’s Geography
In the north of Nepal, like rows of snow-capped teeth, lies the mighty Himalaya region, forged from rugged rock and glistening glacial ice. This vast terrain, encompassing 15% of the geography of Nepal, stretches approximately 25 to 50 kilometers wide from north to south.
Though soaring over 3,000 meters above sea level and dominating the northern border, the Himalayas’s influence extends far beyond. Himalayan ranges peek into the south, notably in the Bhot area of Manag and Mustang, nestled behind the towering Annapurna and Gangapurna giants. Similarly, north of Dhaulagiri, the landscapes of Mustang and Dolpa unfold, with the Himalayas gracefully gracing their southern borders.
Within Nepal’s Himalayan region lie some of the world’s most breathtaking and challenging peaks. From the majestic Kanchenjunga to the iconic Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, 28 distinct Himalayan ranges, like pearls on a necklace, string across the east-west expanse of the country. The majority of these ranges proudly stand sentinel along the Bhot (Tibet) border.
While economic activity in the Himalayas might be limited, with meager agriculture and low production, the region boasts exceptional riches in other forms. Here, hardy yak, sheep, and mountain goats (Chyangra) thrive, and horse rearing flourishes. Additionally, the region is renowned for its unique herbs, which fuel a vibrant cottage industry of woven woolen carpets, shawls, and “Radi” fabrics.
So, while the Himalayas might stand tall and stark, they harbor a surprising wealth of life and tradition, offering much more than just breathtaking views. They showcase the resilience of human spirit, the bounty of nature, and the vibrant culture that thrives in this unique environment. Tourism industry, herbs and ecological heritage are the main resources of this area.
Mountain Region: Key Mines of Geography of Nepal
Transitioning smoothly between the mighty Himalayas and the fertile Terai plains lies the expansive middle region of Nepal. This diverse landscape, stretching east to west, presents a captivating tapestry of towering peaks, gentle valleys, lush “doons” (valleys within hills), and terraced slopes.
With elevations ranging from 300 meters in the south to 3,000 meters in the north, this vast region, spanning 76 to 125 kilometers in width, encompasses a staggering 68% of Nepal’s landmass. No wonder, then, that Nepal is rightfully nicknamed “the mountainous country.”
Thirty-nine districts call this region home, including Ilam, Panchthar, Tehrathum, Dhankuta, and many more. Each district boasts its own unique character, shaped by the interplay of mountains, valleys, and plains. This remarkable area can further be divided into three distinct levels, each offering its own mesmerizing scenery and ecological treasures.
So, while the towering Himalayas might captivate our gaze, let us not forget the rich tapestry woven by Nepal’s middle region. It is a land of breathtaking beauty, diverse ecosystems, and resilient communities, waiting to be explored and cherished.
The mountain region can be divided into the three levels:
Chure Hill Range:
Emerging much later than its towering Himalayan cousin, the Chure Range paints the southern edge of Nepal with a distinct character. This younger mountain chain stretches gracefully from east to west, its peaks ranging from 610 to 1,872 meters above sea level. Running parallel to the Mahabharat Range until the Koshi River, it then gracefully transforms into smaller hillocks, earning the name Churiya or Chure Parbat.
Often referred to as the Outer Himalayas or Shiwalik, this youthful range boasts an average height of 2,000 meters, reaching its peak in the west before gently sloping eastward and eventually disappearing. From the Mahakali River to the Koshi, it stands strong as a separate entity, while east of the Koshi, it transforms into picturesque hillocks called Mainachuli and Chulachuli, gracing the northern landscapes of Morang and Jhapa.
Lush forests drape the majority of the Chure Range, offering a stark contrast to the arid plains below. Nestled within its folds lie fertile Doon valleys like Dang, Deukhuri, Rapti, and Chitwan, formed by the natural phenomenon of synclines. However, the hot climate of this region presents its own challenges. Although encompassing a significant 12.7% of Nepal’s landmass, the Chure Range faces unique environmental fragility.
With limited elevation variation within its watersheds (less than 700 meters) and soil unable to retain rainwater, the region experiences flash floods during monsoon season. This, coupled with steep slopes and challenging terrain (making cultivation difficult), renders 93% of the land unsuitable for agriculture. While only 24% of the Shiwalik area boasts arable land, Doon valleys present a different story. Though hot, their soil composition differs from the Terai, leading to limited fruit and vegetable production.
Sadly, human encroachment has cast a shadow on the Chure Range, causing deforestation and soil erosion. However, a glimmer of hope lies in the southernmost strip of land, where loose and rough matter like sand, pebbles, and stones pave the way for Sal forests in the Bhawar area. Additionally, the fertile plains created by rivers depositing soil in deep gorges add a touch of the Gangetic Plain to the region.
So, while the Chure Range might not stand as tall as its northern siblings, it plays a vital role in Nepal’s diverse landscape. From its lush forests and Doon valleys to its environmental challenges and unique geological story, it offers a compelling narrative waiting to be explored and protected.
Mahabharat Range:
Nestled between the towering Himalayas and the fertile plains of Terai lies a vital and fascinating region: the Mahabharat Range which offers a remarkable variation to geography of Nepal. Stretching majestically east to west, its peaks rise up to 12,000 feet, carving an impressive silhouette against the sky.
Beneath the surface, this mountainous realm is a treasure trove of geological wonders. Shale, sandstone, limestone, marble, and slate-like rocks form its very foundation, a testament to millions of years of Earth’s sculpting hand. Rivers have etched their own stories into the landscape, carving deep gorges like Karnali’s Chishapani, Kaligandaki’s Devghat, Trishuli’s Jugedi, and Koshi’s Chatara. These dramatic cuts reveal not just the power of water, but also the hidden layers of the earth itself.
But the Mahabharat Range isn’t just a rugged wilderness. Dotted amidst its slopes are pockets of breathtaking beauty, where plateaus like Palungtar, Salyantar, and Rumjatar offer panoramic vistas, and valleys cradle fertile lands. This is why the range is also known as the “Hill Station of Nepal,” boasting a pleasantly cool and healthy climate that has enticed people for centuries.
Hikers and nature lovers can rejoice, for the Mahabharat Range offers a plethora of peaks to conquer. From the challenging climbs of Sailung and Tyamke to the more accessible Jaithak and Fulchoki, there’s a summit for every adventurer. And for those seeking spiritual solace, the range holds sacred sites like Shivapuri Chimkeswari, Daman, Sworgadwari, Sakine Danda, and Khonche, each imbued with a unique sense of peace and tranquility.
It’s worth noting that the western portion of the Mahabharat Range presents a steeper challenge than the east, with more dramatic inclines and rugged terrain. But for those who dare to explore, the rewards are immense – breathtaking views, diverse ecosystems, and a true sense of adventure.
So, the next time you envision Nepal, remember that beyond the iconic Himalayas lies another remarkable realm waiting to be discovered: the Mahabharat Range. With its rich geology, diverse landscapes, and cultural significance, it offers a unique glimpse into the heart of this fascinating country.
Midland Range:
Nepal’s geography boasts a captivating tapestry of regions, and the Midlands play a unique role. Nestled between the towering Himalayas and the Mahabharat Range, this fertile haven unfolds in valleys sculpted by mighty rivers like Trishuli, Sunkoshi, and Arun.
Flat, bountiful plains nurtured by Chamelia, Trishuli, Sunkoshi, Arun, and Tamor paint a picture of agricultural abundance. Dotting the landscape are plateaus like Tumlingtar and Rumjatar, offering breathtaking panoramas.
This region cradles 29.5% of Nepal’s landmass, blessed with a year-round moderate climate ideal for cultivation. Terraced fields, a testament to human ingenuity adapting to steep slopes, cover 87% of the arable land. Agriculture, forestry, and horticulture thrive here, fueled by diverse rocks like Precambraian Phyllites and Quartzites.
The southern rim of the Midlands tells a different story with its uplifted mountains, remnants of ancient upheavals. Here, seasoned rocks like Granite and Limestone resist soil erosion, but their steep slopes and thin topsoil render them unsuitable for agriculture.
A vibrant tapestry of communities like Kirant, Tamang, Magar, and Gurung call the Midlands home. Each group brings its own unique cultural expressions, reflected in their food, clothing, and architecture. From bustling towns like Ilam and Dhankuta to serene villages clinging to mountain slopes, life thrives at every altitude.
While limited flat land presents challenges, the Midlands are Nepal’s economic engine. Fruits, food grains, and diverse crops like rice, maize, and wheat flourish here, contributing significantly to national food security. Regional hubs like Dhankuta and Kathmandu thrum with activity, while scenic valleys like Panchkhal and Madi beckon with their natural beauty.
Delving deeper into the geography of Nepal, the Midlands offer a glimpse into the heart of this fascinating country. Here, nature’s bounty meets human ingenuity, creating a captivating story in every valley, plateau, and community.
Terai Region: Economic Geography of Nepal
Stretching south of the majestic Himalayas and bordering India lies the Terai Region, a vital and diverse section of Nepal. Often referred to as Madhesh, this flat, fertile zone extends from east to west, varying in width from 25 to 30 kilometers.
With an elevation gradually declining from north to south, the Terai boasts a dry, tropical climate ideal for agriculture. Until the 1960s, the Tharu people were the predominant inhabitants. However, the eradication of malaria transformed the region into a multicultural hub, attracting people from the mountains and valleys.
Occupying 17% of Nepal’s landmass and lying between 60 and 600 meters above sea level, the Terai is aptly nicknamed the “granary” of the country, contributing significantly to rice production. This region can be further divided into three distinct areas:
Main Terai:
This fertile plains region gradually slopes southward and is primarily composed of fine alluvial soil. The Main Terai itself can be further divided into three sub-regions: Eastern, Central, and Western. Notable districts within the Main Terai include Jhapa, Morang, Saptari, Siraha, Dhanusha, and others.
Bhavar Region:
A narrow strip of land stretching north of the Main Terai and south of the Chure Range, the Bhavar region is characterized by its higher elevation (up to 300 meters) and 8-10 kilometer width. It encompasses roughly 4.5% of Nepal’s total landmass.
Inner Terai/Madhesh:
Also known as the Doon area, this large plain land nestled between the Chure and Mahabharat ranges features fertile valleys surrounded by mountains and hills. With varying lengths and widths, the Inner Terai occupies 8.5% of Nepal’s territory and is further divided into four sub-regions: Eastern-Inner Madhesh, Mid-Inner Madhesh, Western Inner Madhesh, and Far-western Inner Madhesh.
From the vast agricultural plains of the Main Terai to the unique ecosystem of the Bhavar and the hidden valleys of the Inner Terai, this region pulsates with life and diversity. Understanding its distinct geographical features and cultural tapestry offers a deeper appreciation for the richness and complexity of Nepal’s landscape.